Factors associated with dental fluorosis in three zones of Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in 10-12 year-old school children, in three provinces of the inter-andean Region of Ecuador: Imbabura, Pichincha and Chimborazo, as well as the relationship between certain factors, considering that the latest studies go back to the year 2009. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional and observational study was proposed. A sample of 599 was calculated at 95% of confidence considering population projections for children between 10 and 12 old of three zones of Ecuador. However, 608 school children, who had the acceptance and informed consent of their parents to participate, completed a survey about factors associated with dental fluorosis. Once the survey was completed, the vestibular surfaces of the upper and lower anterior teeth of the infant were photographed, following standardized distance and light procedures. Three evaluators, trained in the detection of fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov index, analyzed the photographs. The Stata 13.0 software was used for the statistical analysis, with a level of significance of 5% and with a confidence interval of 95%. To relate the risk factor of fluorosis, a multinomial logistic model was used. RESULTS: The prevalence of dental fluorosis was of 89.96%, with a greater presence of grade 2 TF. A positive statistical relationship and statistical significance was detected between dental fluorosis and consumption of bottled beverages. Also the amount of toothpaste used and its ingestion during brushing (p = 0.000) were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: The populations evaluated, that are related to the consumption of bottled beverages and involuntary toothpaste ingestion, and have a high prevalence of a mild level of fluorosis. Key words:Fluorosis, dental, risk factors, epidemiology.

Validity and internal consistency of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia / Validez y consistencia interna del Inventario Maslach para burnout en estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia

Abstract Objective: To determine the internal consistency and content validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: Scale validation study in 886 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. Factor structure was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency was measured using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Analyses were performed using the Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Statacorp., USA) and Mplus v.7.31 for Windows (Muthén & Muthén, USA) software. Results: Internal consistency was α = 0.806. The factor structure showed three that accounted for the 56.6% of the variance. CFA revealed: x 2 = 926.036; df=85; RMSEA = 0.106 (90% CI, 0.100-0.112); CFI = 0.947; TLI = 0.934. Conclusions: The MBI showed an adequate internal consistency and a factor structure being consistent with the original proposed structure with a poor fit, which does not reflect adequate content validity in this sample.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la consistencia interna y la validez de contenido del Inventario Maslach para burnout-Encuesta para estudiantes (IMB-EE) en estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia. Material y métodos: Estudio de validación de una escala en 886 estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena (Colombia). Se determinó la estructura de factores a través de análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y la consistencia interna, con el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. El análisis estadístico se realizó empleando Stata v.13.2 para Windows (StataCorp., Estados Unidos) y Mplus v.7.31 (Muthén & Muthén, Estados Unidos). Resultados: La consistencia interna general fue α = 0,806. La solución factorial mostró tres factores que explican el 56,6% de la varianza. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró: X 2 =926,036; gl = 85; RCEMA = 0,106 (intervalo de confianza del 90%, 0,100-0,112); ICA = 0,947; ITL = 0,934. Conclusiones: El IMB muestra adecuada consistencia interna y una estructura factorial coherente con la propuesta original, pero con ajuste pobre, lo cual no refleja adecuada validez de contenido en esta muestra.

[Validity and internal consistency of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in Dental Students from Cartagena, Colombia]. / Validez y consistencia interna del Inventario Maslach para burnout en estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the internal consistency and content validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scale validation study in 886 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. Factor structure was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Internal consistency was measured using the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Analyses were performed using the Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Statacorp., USA) and Mplus v.7.31 for Windows (Muthén & Muthén, USA) software. RESULTS: Internal consistency was α=.806. The factor structure showed three that accounted for the 56.6% of the variance. CFA revealed: χ2=926.036; df=85; RMSEA=.106 (90%CI, .100-.112); CFI=.947; TLI=.934. CONCLUSIONS: The MBI showed an adequate internal consistency and a factor structure being consistent with the original proposed structure with a poor fit, which does not reflect adequate content validity in this sample.

Impacto de salud oral sobre calidad de vida en adultos jóvenes de clínicas odontológicas universitarias / Oral health impact on life quality in young adults at dental university clinics

El objetivo de este estudio es asociar estado de salud oral y calidad de vida en adultos de clínicas odontológicas universitarias de Cartagena, Colombia. Material y Métodos: Estudio analítico, en 400 adultos jóvenes y maduros (20 a 59 años), que asistieron a las clínicas odontológicas de la Universidad de Cartagena y Corporación Universitaria Rafael Núñez, distribuidos equitativamente; se aplicó un instrumento validado para indagar variables sociodemográficas, el General Oral Health Assesment Index (GOHAI) para evaluar impacto calidad de vida relacionada con la salud oral (CVRSB) y examen oral para evaluar número de dientes, presencia de caries dental, placa bacteriana, restos radiculares, cálculo dental y obturaciones. Se analizaron datos a través de frecuencia y proporciones, significancia de relaciones entre variables (c2), estimación del riesgo (OR) y modelo de regresión logística con un intervalo de confianza 95 %. Resultados. 66,7 % de los participantes eran mujeres y se hallaban en adultez madura (54,7 %) edad promedio 44,6 años (DE=13,7). El 33,2 % presentó un impacto negativo de CVRSB (IC 95 %). Se hallaron asociaciones entre bajo nivel de escolaridad (OR=2,4; IC 95 %= 1,6-3,8; p=0,000), ausencia de servicios de salud (OR=1,9; IC 95 %= 1,2-2,8; p=0,002), presencia de menos de 19 dientes (OR=3,6; IC 95 %= 2,3-5,8; p=0,000), restos radiculares (OR=6,5; IC 95 %= 4,1-10; p=0,000) y cálculos (OR=5,3; IC 95 %= 3,3-8,4; p=0,000;) con el impacto negativo de CVRSB. En el modelo multivariado las variables que mejor explican el impacto negativo fueron: ausencia de servicios de salud, contar con menos de 19 dientes, presencia de restos radiculares y cálculos (p<0,05). Conclusión. Adultos jóvenes y maduros presentan un impacto negativo de CVRSB al contar con menos de 19 dientes, presencia de restos radiculares y cálculos dentales y ausencia de servicios de salud.

The aim of this study is to associate oral health status and quality of life in adults treated at university dental clinics in Cartagena, Colombia second semester 2013. Cross-sectional analytical study, in 400 young and mature adults (20-59 years) attending dental clinics University and the University Corporation Cartagena Rafael Nunez and distributed equally between the two institutions; a validated instrument was applied to investigate for sociodemographic variables and the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) evaluating the impact of oral health on quality of life (CVRSB); oral exam was performed to evaluate the number of teeth, presence of dental caries and plaque, root fragments, dental calculus and seals. Data were analyzed by frequency and proportion, taking confidence intervals of 95 %, significance of relationships between variables by means of chi-square, risk estimation through OR, and logistic regression model with a confidence level of 95 %. 66.7 % of participants were women and were at the stage of mature adulthood with 54.7 %, with an average age of 44.6 years (SD= 13.7). 60.2 % (95 % CI 55-65) had a low impact of oral health on quality of life, followed by a high impact with 33.2 %. We found associations between low levels of schooling (p=0.000; OR=2.4; IC 95 %= 1.6-3.8), social security (p=0.0.02; OR=1.9; IC 95 %= 1.2-2.8), presence of less than 19 teeth (p=0.000; OR=3.6; IC 95%= 2.3-5.8), root fragments (p=0.000; OR=6.5; IC 95 %= 4.1-10), dental calculus (p=0.000; OR=5.3; IC 95 %= 3.3-8.4) with the negative impact of the CVRSB. In the multivariate model variables that best explain the negative impact of CVSB they were: lack of social security, have fewer than 19 teeth, presence of root fragments and stones (p <0.05). Young and mature adults have a negative impact on CVRSB especially when they have less than 19 teeth, presence of root fragments and dental calculus or when they have no social security arises.

Relación entre obesidad y caries dental en niños / Relationship between obesity and dental caries in children

El estado de salud bucal se ha relacionado con la presencia de algunas alteraciones sistémicas; en la población infantil se ha sugerido que la caries dental se asocia con la obesidad. El objetivo de esta revisión fue comparar los resultados de la evidencia sobre la relación entre obesidad y caries dental en niños, por lo cual se realizó una búsqueda computarizada y sistemática utilizando el término dental caries combinado con obesity, overweight y underweight en las bases de datos Medline, Embase, Pubmed y Ovid, arrojando 439 artículos, de estos se seleccionaron 15 artículos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y superaron una evaluación de calidad metodológica. Los hallazgos fueron almacenados y organizados en una base de datos, se procesaron y analizaron estadísticamente teniendo en cuenta razones de disparidad y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson reportados. Se presentó un prevalencia general de caries dental de 49,6 por ciento, para los obesos fue de 52,5 por ciento y para los no obesos de 46,8 por ciento. No se encontró asociación entre caries y obesidad en 9 de 15 estudios. La evidencia consultada sugiere que no existe relación entre obesidad y caries dental en niños, pues la prevalencia de caries no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significantes entre niños obesos y no obesos(AU)

Oral health has been linked to the presence of some systemic disorders in children and it has been suggested that dental caries are associated with obesity. The objective of this review was to compare the results of the evidence on the relationship between obesity and dental caries in children, so a CT and systematic search was performed using the term dental caries,obesity, overweight, and underweight in data bases such as Medline, Embase, Pubmed, and Ovid. 439 items were found and 15 articles out of them were selected since they met the inclusion criteria and exceeded an assessment of methodological quality. Findings were stored and organized in a database, they were statistically processed and analyzed considering odds ratios and the Pearson correlation coefficient reported. An overall prevalence of dental caries was 49.6 percent; 52.5 percent for obese, 46.8 percent for non-obese. No association between dental caries and obesity was found in 9 of 15 studies. The consulted evidence suggests that there is no relationship between obesity and dental caries in children, because the prevalence of caries showed no statistically significant differences between obese and non-obese children(AU)

Aumento del reborde alveolar residual mediante técnica de rollo / Increase of residual alveolar ridge using roll technique

La pérdida dentaria, asociada a factores sistémicos, patológicos y traumáticos, promueve el proceso de reabsorción ósea de los rebordes residuales y genera problemas funcionales, como la falta de estabilidad y retención de las prótesis dentarias removibles, y disturbios estéticos y psicológicos. Estos defectos varían en dependencia de la cantidad de pérdida ósea y de tejidos blandos que hayan alcanzado. En la actualidad son descritas diversas técnicas que permiten corregir estos defectos. Una de ellas es la técnica del rollo, la cual demuestra muy buenos resultados al aumentar el tamaño del reborde alveolar y disminuir los defectos estéticos que causa sobre todo en el sector anterior. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir el caso clínico de un paciente con pérdida ósea en el sector anterior, tipo III según Seibert, rehabilitado con prótesis parcial fija y sometido a un procedimiento quirúrgico con la técnica del rollo. Se alcanzaron los objetivos planteados y proporciona una mejoría estética así como una mejora en su calidad de vida. Se demostró que con esta técnica se obtienen resultados predecibles que devuelven la estética en zonas de alta exigencia por parte de los pacientes(AU)

Tooth loss associated with systemic factors, pathological and traumatic conditions, promotes the bone resorption of residual ridges, this, creates functional problems such as lack of stability and retention of removable dentures as well as aesthetic and psychological disturbances. These defects vary depending on the amount of bone loss and soft tissue they reach. At present there are described various techniques that can correct these defects. One of these is the roll technique which shows very good results by increasing the size of the alveolar ridge and decrease aesthetic defects in the anterior area of the maxilla. The aim of this article is to describe a case of a patient with Seibert bone loss type III, rehabilitated with fixed partial denture after undergoing a surgical procedure with the roll technique achieving the stated objectives and providing aesthetic improvement to the patient and an improvement in their quality of life. It is shown that the technique can be achieved with predictable results that return aesthetics in areas of high demand from patients(AU)

Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas y factores relacionados en Estudiantes de Odontología / Alcohol consumption and related factors in dental students

Objetivo. Describir el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas entre estudiantes de Odontología de una universidad pública y evaluar su relación con variables sociodemográficas. Diseño. Estudio observacional de corte transversal. Emplazamiento. Municipio de Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Participantes. Se obtuvo una muestra de 153 estudiantes que cursaban entre primero y décimo semestre, a través de un muestreo probabilístico proporcional al tamaño de cada grado. Mediciones principales. Se completó un cuestionario estructurado con las siguientes variables: consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, preferencias por el tipo de bebida, grado de bebedor, motivos del consumo, consecuencias y afectación de la integridad física. El análisis se realizó en el programa STATA X versión para Windows 10.0, a partir de odds ratios con intervalos de confianza del 95% y un análisis multivariable a través de regresión logística. Resultados. A partir de 153 participantes, se obtuvo una prevalencia del consumo de alcohol del 86,7 %, siendo más frecuente el consumo los fines de semana (55,5 %) y la consecuencia más frecuente fue el deterioro de las relaciones familiares en el 47,8 %. En cuanto a las relaciones con variables sociodemográficas, al ajustar por edad, las de mayor fuerza fueron la procedencia y el género. Al ajustar por género, los estudiantes de zonas urbanas tuvieron cinco veces mayor probabilidad de consumo. Conclusiones. Los estudiantes de odontología de esta población presentan un consumo alto de bebidas alcohólicas, introduciendo esté hábito en su realidad y utilizándolo como mediador social en los eventos estresantes que la rodean (AU)

Objective. Describe alcohol consumption among dental students and to evaluate its relationship with sociodemographic variables. Design. Cross-sectional observational study. Setting. The town of Cartagena de Indias - Colombia. Participants. We obtained a sample of 153 dental students between first and tenth semester, through a probabilistic sampling proportional to the number of individuals in each grade. Main measurements. Was used a structured survey with the following variables, alcohol consumption, frequency and preferences for the type of drink, beverage choice, reasons for consumption, consequences and disruption of physical integrity. The statistical analysis was performed in STATA X ® program for Windows version 10.0, from odds ratios with confidence levels of 95% and multivariate analysis through logistic regression. Results. With 153 participants, we obtained a prevalence of alcohol consumption was 86.7%, with more frequent consumption on weekends (55.5%) and the most frequent consequences of alcohol drinkers was the deterioration of family relationships with 47.8 %. With regard to relations with sociodemographic variables, adjusting for age, the largest associations were the urban or rural origin and gender. After adjusting for gender, urban students were five times more probablility of consumption. Conclusions. Dental students in this survey consume with high frequency alcoholic beverages, bringing this to its reality and using it as a conductive in the stress moments (AU)

Relación del fraude académico con situaciones personales que enfrentan los estudiantes en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia). / Relationship of academic fraud with personal situations faced by students in the school of dentistry of the University of Cartagena (Colombia).

Introducción: El fraude académico es una práctica deshonesta muy frecuente, difundida en el ambiente universitario, en el que se encuentran afectados los valores y el sentido de responsabilidad con la academia y su formación profesional, el cual se verá reflejado en una posible mal praxis. Objetivos: Identificar las situaciones personales que hace a los estudiantes propensos a cometer fraude académico y establecer si tienen conocimiento sobre las consecuencias que puede traer para su calidad como profesional. Materiales y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo de enfoque cualitativo. El mues-treo utilizado fue en avalancha, que consiste en pedirles a los participantes que sugirieran otros posibles informantes, a los cuales se realizó entrevistas individuales en profundidad, entrevistas estructuradas y entrevistas a grupos focales. Posteriormente se realizó el análisis de los resultados a partir de triangulación de datos. Resultados: El fraude académico afecta comúnmente a la población estudiantil que es propensa a problemas familiares y personales, lo que los hace incurrir en esta opción como la única alternativa para lograr los objetivos académicos, al encontrar que no existe aparente solución ante sus problemas personales y familiares, confrontados a la situación académica. Conclusión: Los estudiantes que cometen acciones fraudulentas justifican sus actos al explicar los principales motivos resaltando la importancia de la familia y de su entorno social, a la vez aceptan que esto afecta su calidad como profesional, pero aun así lo siguen realizando, porque el único objetivo es aprobar la asignatura o el semestre.

Introduction: Academic fraud is a frequent dishonest practice in the college environment which affects traditional values, the sense of responsibility with academia and professional attitudes which eventually, could become a possible reason for malpractice. Objectives: To identify the personal situations that make students prone to fraud and to establish if they have knowledge of the consequences on their professional development. Materials and methods: A descriptive qualitative analysis was done. The sample was taken by the method of avalanche which consisted in asking the participants to suggest other possible informants who answered individually in depth interviews, structured interviews and interviews to focal groups. The results were then analyzed by means of data triangulation. Results: Academic fraud affects more frequently the student population prone to personal and family problems, which in turn, makes them predisposed to fraud as the only alternative to achieve their academic objectives when they find that there is no solution for their personal and family problems, when faced to academic conditions. Conclusion: The students that commit fraud justify their acts by explaining the motives that relate to the importance of their family and their social environment, in turn, they accept that this affects their professional quality, but still keep on doing it because their only objective is to approve the academic period or the semester.